Clan Histories | Border Reivers

BORDER ORIGINS

The Border region in the 13th to 17th centuries was the centre of a constant battleground between the English and the Scots. The people residing here at the time did not see themselves as either English or Scottish; they developed an independence of spirit that set them against the world.

Allegiance in this era was to Kin, not Kingdom. Family loyalties had no border or king, but were united under their clan name. There are up to 77 family names who claim to have been Reivers.

Many of these “riding” clan names are still common today; both in the Border region and beyond. Surnames like Armstrong, like the astronaut Neil Armstrong, or Nixon (as in President Richard Nixon) are historically linked with the Border Reivers.

You might be closer to the Reivers than you realise...

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ARMSTRONG

Crest Motto	I remain unvanquished
Area	Scottish Middle March
Meaning	Literally what it says “Arm Strong” Said to have derived from when a servant saved his master’s life by hoisting him onto his own horse by one uninjured arm during a battle.
Notable History	The Armstrongs were one of the most feared and dangerous riding clan on the whole frontier. In the 1500s they inflicted more damage than any other two families combined. Neil Armstrong is a direct descendent of the Armstrong Reivers. You can still today visit Gilnockie Tower of Canonbie - the only habitable Armstrong tower still in existence.

BELL

Crest Motto	Love is the token of peace
Area	West March
Meaning	A theory about the name is that it originally signified good looks.
Notable History	Feuded notoriously with the Graham family. The tower was destroyed in an English raid of 1547, whereby they were declared "unruly" by the Scottish Parliament. When the clan later disbanded (and the position of Chief lapsed) many members were forced to flee to Ireland.

BURN

Crest Motto	Ever Ready
Area	Middle Scottish
Meaning	Possibly geographically related to “bourne” meaning “stream”. Alternatively if it could, derive from the Old English “beorn” meaning “warrior”.
Notable History	A particularly predatory and vicious family. To have crossed them at the time was said to provoke a bloody feud. In one instance, they are said to have killed seventeen Collingwoods in revenge for one of their own.

CHARLTON

Area

Middle English

Meaning

Possibly from “a farm belonging to a ‘churl’ (a person of low birth) or ‘free peasant’.

Notable History

Main seat is Hesleyside Hall near Bellingham.

Said to ‘eat, drink and be merry’ until the larder was empty, whereby Lady Charlton
would bring out a silver spur on a platter, signalling to the men that it was
time to go riding (raiding).

ELLIOT(T)

Crest Motto	Boldly and rightly
Historical seat	Redheugh Tower
Area	Middle Scottish
Notable History	The extra ‘t’ in Elliott came about when a branch of the Elliotts’ adopted Christianity, whereby the extra t was to represent the cross. Robert Elliott, the 13th Chief of the Clan was killed at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. Find out more about the Elliott Clan at their website.

FENWICK

Crest Motto	Always faithful
Area	English Middle March
Meaning	Originally derived from ‘fenn’ (marsh) and ‘wic’ (dairy farm)
Notable History	A powerful English family, described as ‘gentlemen’. Often to be found among border officials. They conducted many feuds, including a bitter one with the Elliots. Responsible for protecting the lowland regions of Northumberland.

GRAHAM

Crest Motto	Always faithful
Clan Badge	Laurel
Area	West Marches
Notable History	Mostly English, but notoriously fickle to be on either side. Their notorious dual allegiances caused confusion with little respect for authority. One of the most numerous family in the West Border. At one point, the Grahams were so infamous that their surnames were banned by law. The Grahams changed them to “Maharg” (Graham backwards)

HENDERSONS

Crest Motto

Virtue alone ennobles

Area

On the border between West and Middle Marches

Notable History

In the 16th Century, the Hendersons, as allies to larger clans such as the Armstrongs,
were specifically named by one of Queen’s Elizabeths’ wardens as particular troublemakers
in Liddesdale. The explicit listing of the Hendersons declared them as enemies and
effectively condemned them to a devastating raid in the Liddesdale valley.

Find out more on the Henderson Clan Society page.

JOHNSTON(E) or JOHNSON

Crest Motto	Never unprepared
Clan Badge	Red hawthron
Area	Scottish West Marches
Meaning	Son of John, or possibly Johns Tun – a tun being a piece of land.
Notable History	A deadly feud between the Maxwells and Johnstones lasted nearly a century

KERR (also CARR)

Crest Motto	Late but in ernest
Area	Scottish Middle March
Meaning	Stems from Old Norse kjarr ‘marsh dweller’
Notable History	Kerrs have been associated with left-handedness, with one of their buildings (Ferniehirst Castle) having been designed with this explicitly in mind as their stairwells descend in the opposite direction. One of the leading clans of the Middle March, where they frequently ruled as Wardens. Visit www.clankerr.com for more information

MAXWELL

Crest Motto	I flourish again
Area	Scottish West March
Notable History	The strongest family in the Scottish West March, until the Johnstones reduced their power in the late sixteenth century after a deadly feud.

LITTLE

Clan Badge	Red hawthron
Area	Scottish West Marches
Meaning	A descriptive name literally meaning ‘little’ or small
Notable History	The seat of Clan Little is in the Meikledale, a beautiful rural valley in Dumfriesshire. In 1267, Edward Little was the nephew of William Wallace (of ‘Braveheart’ fame) and one of this most notable followers. Find out more at Clan Little's website; www.clanlittlesociety.org

NIXON

Area

English Middle March

Meaning

Sons of Nicholas

Notable History

Often described as having many ‘loose men’.

An important part of the Armstrong-Elliot-Nixon protection racket.

US President Richard Nixon is descendent from the Nixon Border Reivers.

ROBSON

Crest Motto	Be just and fear not
Area	English Middle March
Meaning	A local origin name - from Scotland
Notable History	One of the leading families of Tynedale, forming a powerful contribution with the Charltons, Dodds and Milburns. The Robsons once stole a large flock of sheep from the Graham family, which, as it turned out were infected with scab, which spread through the rest of the Robson flock. They were so angry with the infection they returned to the home of the Grahams’ and killed all seven family members in one go.

SCOTT

Crest Motto	I love
Meaning	A local origin name - from Scotland
Notable History	One of the most powerful families in the whole Border, active both as reivers and officers. One of their notable war cries were to cry out "The Scotts are Out!